|
Wind Power
Generation
|
Wind
Power Generation
www.WindPowerGeneration.com
2-Bladed
Wind Turbines are Inefficient
and Provide a Return on Investment
Significantly Lower to 3-Bladed Wind Turbine Generators
Out-dated, Inefficient 2-Bladed Wind Turbines Are Now "Extinct!"
Why 3-Bladed Wind Turbine Generators are Far Superior and More Efficient
than 2-Bladed Wind Turbines
The argument has been settled and the debate is over.
Today's "modern" 3-bladed wind turbines represent the latest technological improvements in wind turbine generators, and are superior to the 20-30 year old technology that 2-bladed wind turbines represent.
First of all, it is important to remember that 2-bladed wind turbines may generate only about 90% of the power of a 3-bladed wind turbine of comparable size. While a 2-bladed wind turbine saves the weight of one extra blade when compared with a 3-bladed wind turbine, engineers of the most efficient wind turbines have determined that the extra blade used on 3 bladed wind turbines provide the optimum wind turbine efficiency and wind turbine design for the "ideal" wind turbine generators of today.
Secondly, the top-3 leading wind turbine manufacturers have standardized on the 3-bladed wind turbine. They do not manufacture any 2-bladed wind turbines. Plainly stated, a wind turbine with an even number of blades (2 blades or 4 blades) are NOT of optimum design or efficiency. In fact, this debate was settled years ago when the wind turbine engineers and designers began building wind turbines over 600 kW in power output.
The leading wind turbine manufacturers and their engineers have decided that 3 bladed wind turbines are the optimum number of wind turbine blades due to the stability of the wind turbine as well as the significant wind loads and stresses placed on a 2-bladed wind turbine. A wind turbine that has an odd number of blades is similar to a disc when calculating the computational fluid dynamics of the wind turbine. Engineers have learned that wind turbines that have an even number of blades - such as the 2 bladed wind turbines of the past - have stability problems for a machine with a stiff structure. The reason for this problem is simple, engineers recognized that when a 2-bladed wind turbine's top blade bends backwards - when the wind turbine's 2 blades are in the vertical position - since it is now generating the maximum power from the wind - that the lower or bottom blade is now aligned with the tower and the blade is hidden or blocked from the wind - and this generates a huge amount of stress and loads on the wind turbine and its' primary components such as the bearings, shaft, transmission etc.
Because of the extreme wind loads and stresses placed on 2-bladed wind turbines, the remaining 2-bladed wind turbine manufacturers have had to resort to a "teetered hub" that helps remove some of the stress and loads placed on 2-bladed wind turbines. While there are some very fine 2-bladed wind turbines, of smaller power output, the bottom line is, 3 bladed wind turbines are inherently better and more efficient than 2-bladed wind turbines.
For these reasons, community wind farm owners and developers, along with utility-scale wind farm owners and developers, would be wise to only consider 3-bladed wind turbines.
_______________________________________________________
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Our "Integrated" CHP
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Our CHP Systems may be the best solution for your company's economic and environmental sustainability as we "upgrade" natural gas to clean power with our clean power generation solutions.
Our Emissions
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operated in most EPA non-attainment regions!
_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Our CHP Systems - operating in either cogeneration or trigeneration configuration, may be the optimum power and energy solution for customers wanting increased power reliability and decreased energy and environmental costs.
A few of the clients and markets that may benefit from our CHP Systems include the following:
Airports
Casinos
Central Plants
Colleges & Universities
Dairies
Data Centers
District Heating & Cooling plants
Food Processing Plants
Golf/Country Clubs
Government Buildings and Facilities
Grocery Stores
Hospitals
Hotels
Manufacturing Plants
Military Bases
Nursing Homes
Office Buildings / Campuses
Radio Stations
Refrigerated Warehouses
Resorts
Restaurants
Schools
Server Farms
Shopping centers
Supermarkets
Television Stations
Theatres
energy
system, through a Power
Purchase Agreement that guarantees
a minimum 10% reduction in our client's energy expenses.
(NOTE: Our
engineering
and EPC services may be provided by one of our affiliated
companies - one of which is a Top ENR ranked EPC company.
To receive a preliminary no-obligation review of your energy, engineering or
project plans,
send an introductory email to us at the following email address:
About
us:
We provide engineering and renewable energy project development services (some through affiliated companies) including a top-ranked ENR EPC company;
Balance of Plant - BOP
Balance of System - BOS
Battery Energy Storage - BES
Carbon Emissions Consulting
Concentrated Solar Power - CSP
Demand Side Management - DSM
Economic Feasibility
Front End Engineering Design - FEED
Greenhouse Gas Emissions consulting
High Voltage Direct Current - HVDC
Interconnection Studies
Net Zero Energy - NZE
Net Zero Energy Buildings - NZEB
Organic Rankine Cycle - ORC
Power Purchase Agreement consulting & PPA fundingProject Development
Project Development
Project Management
Project Finance/Funding introduction to potential investors
Smart Grid
Our work is performed on a strict adherence to "vendor-neutrality." We are client and project focused and seek to maximize our client's return on their investment while simultaneously minimizing their operational expenses and environmental exposure. (NOTE: Our engineering and EPC services may be provided by one of our affiliated companies - one of which is a Top ENR ranked EPC company. Engineering and related interim project development expenses may be at client's expense but will be refunded at the close of Power Purchase Agreement or other project financing. Some of our engineering and related EPC services may be provided by one of our top-ranked ENR Engineering/EPC affiliated companies.
______________________________________________________
Engineering and Project Development Services
Absorption Chillers * Adsorption Chillers * Ammonia Chillers * Automated Demand Response
Brayton Cycle * Carbon Emissions * Carnot Cycle * Cheng Cycle * CHP Systems * Clean Power Generation
Cogeneration * Compressed Air Energy Storage * Concentrating Solar Power * Dispersed Generation
EcoGeneration * Emissions Abatement * Energy Master Planning * Frequency Regulation
Engine Driven Chillers * Graz Cycle * Greenhouse Gas Emissions * Greenhouse Gas Reporting
Grid Free Energy * Grid Free Power * Inlet Cooling * Load Leveling
Mechanical Refrigeration * Net Zero Energy * Net Zero Energy Buildings * Net Zero Energy Homes
Organic Rankine Cycle * PlugIn Electric Vehicles * Rankine Cycle * Recycled Energy
Solar Cogeneration * Solar Trigeneration * Trigeneration * Waste Heat Recovery
The Graz Cycle is also known as the "Zero
Emission Power Plant!"
Greenhouse
Gas Reporting services now available
______________________________________________________
Wind Energy Magazine
www.WindEnergyMagazine.com
The Wind
Energy Magazine website is now online!
**** Premium
advertising space now available. ****
For
ad rates or media kit, send email with information about your company, product(s)
or
service(s) that you want to advertise to: info@WindEnergyMagazine.com
The U.S.
added nearly 1,400 megawatts of new wind energy capacity during the second
quarter of 2008.
New wind
turbines this year will generate 7,500 megawatts of additional electricity
which surpasses the 5,249 megawatts installed in 2007.
Wind
power accounted for more than one-third of the new electric generating
capacity installed in the U.S. in 2007.
The wind
industry is projected to grow at a 45 percent pace for the second straight
year.
For every
megawatt (MW) of wind energy produced, $1 million in economic development is
generated. This includes revenue from planning, construction, etc.
Wind energy
revitalizes rural communities by providing steady income through lease and
royalty payments to farmers and other landowners.
Supplemental
income: It is estimated that the income to a landowner from a single
utility-scale turbine is approximately $2000 per year. For a 250-acre farm
with income from wind at $55 per acre, this translates into an annual income
from wind leases of $14,000, with no more than 2-3 acres removed from
production.
Jobs: Wind energy
resources bring needed jobs to rural communities and bolster farm incomes
against bad weather. Worldwide, wind and solar industries are likely to be
one of the main sources of new manufacturing jobs in the 21st century.
Wind energy costs
for consumers are low and stable. This is particularly beneficial for those
on fixed incomes.
As wind energy
production becomes more efficient, costs will decline, while fossil fuel
prices are expected to rise.
Wind energy is a
widespread, inexhaustible resource: 46 of 50 states have wind resources that
could be developed.
WIND
ENERGY GENERATES CARBON FREE ENERGY & POLLUTION FREE POWER!
Power generated from the wind reduces smog and eliminates a major source of
acid rain. Wind energy has the potential to reduce Carbon Dioxide
Emissions (one of the most potent of all Greenhouse Gas Emissions) by 1/3 in
the U.S. and world Carbon Dioxide Emissions by 4%!
Potential for
growth: Development of just 10% of 10 of the windiest states could provide
more than enough energy to displace emissions from coal-fired power plants.
Cleaner air means
healthier air, especially for people with respiratory disabilities.
Wind Power Generation vs. Traditional Power Generation
Power
generated from clean, green wind energy avoids numerous negative effects of
traditional electricity generation from fossil fuels:
• Emissions of mercury or other heavy metals into the air
• Emissions associated with extracting and transporting fuels
• Lake and streambed acidification from acid rain or mining
• Water consumption associated with mining or electricity generation
• Production of toxic solid wastes, ash, or slurry
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions
The benefits of wind power generation go on - including the leading role wind
energy provides in reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions into the atmosphere - the
leading cause of climate change and global warming.
Today, Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the United States approaches 6 billion metric tons/year.
39% of these Carbon Dioxide Emissions are produced when electricity is generated from fossil fuels.
If the
United States obtained 20% of its electricity from wind energy, the country
could avoid putting 825 million metric tons of CO2 annually into the atmosphere
by 2030, or a cumulative total of 7,600 million metric tons by 2030.
A relatively straightforward metric used to understand the carbon benefits of
wind energy is that a single 1.5 MW wind turbine displaces 2,700 metric tons of
CO2 per year compared with the current U.S. average utility fuel mix, or the
equivalent of planting 4 square kilometers of forest every year according to
AWEA 2007.
What is a Wind Resource
Assessment?
A Wind Resource Assessment is defined
as the process of characterizing the wind resources, wind
characteristics and the site's wind energy potential for that specific site or geographical area.
NOTE: FOR QUALIFIED LAND/RANCH OWNERS, WITH PROPERTY LOCATED IN AREAS WE ARE DEVELOPING NEW WIND FARMS, WE CAN PERFORM THE WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT.

All markets for wind turbines require an estimate of how much
wind energy is available at potential development sites. Correct estimation of
the energy available in the wind can make or break the economics of wind farm
development. Wind maps developed in the late '70s and early '80s provided
reasonable estimates of areas in which good wind resources could be found. But
new tools and new data available from satellites and new sensing devices now
allow researchers to create even more accurate and detailed wind maps of the
world.
Wind mapping techniques developed by the National Renewable Energy Lab ("NREL") and U.S. companies are being used to produce high-resolution projections of U.S. and foreign regions that are painting a whole new picture of wind potential. These maps are created using highly accurate GPS mapping tools and a vast array of satellite, weather balloon, and meteorological tower data, combined with much-improved numerical computer models. The higher horizontal resolution of these maps (1 km or finer) allows for more accurate wind turbine siting and has also led to the recognition of higher-class winds in areas where none were thought to exist.
The ability to accurately predict when the wind will blow will help remove barriers to wind energy development by allowing wind-power-generating facilities to commit to power purchases in advance. NREL researchers work with federal, state, and private organizations to validate the nation's wind resources and support advances in wind forecasting techniques and dissemination. Wind resource validation is important for both wind resource assessment and the integration of wind farms into an energy grid. Validating new, high-resolution wind resource maps will provide an accurate reading of the wind resource at a particular site. Development of short-term (1 to 4 hours) forecasting tools will help energy producers proceed with new wind farm projects and avoid the penalties they must pay if they do not meet their hourly generation targets. In addition, validating new high-resolution wind resource maps will give people interested in developing wind energy projects greater confidence as to the level of wind resource for a particular site.
_______________________________________________________
Wind Power Generation Saves Water!
20% of our nation's electricity requirements can be generated with wind power generation by the year 2030 according to the Department of Energy.
When we do, our nation will save over 4 Trillion gallons of water through 2030 through the displacement of typical electric power plants, such as fossil fuel power plants, that would have used vast amount of water. By switching to wind power generation for 20% of our nation's electrical requirements, we reduce overall water consumption by 17% in 2030.
See our website at: www.WindPowerGeneration.com for more information.
_______________________________________________________
The Economic and Environmental Benefits of Wind Power
According to the Department of Energy, our nation's electricity generation from wind power alone could top 20 percent of the total power generation mix by 2030.
This would have the economic benefits of creating 500,000 jobs and generate more than $400 billion.
Wind Power also reduces Greenhouse Gas Emissions and other pollution by 25 percent than otherwise.
_______________________________________________________
Wind Power Generation: Growing Fast!
|
Installed Windpower Generation (in
Megawatts) by Country |
||||
|
Rank |
County |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
|
1 |
Germany |
18,415 |
20,622 |
22,247 |
|
2 |
United States |
9,149 |
11,603 |
16,818 |
|
3 |
Spain |
10,028 |
11,615 |
15,145 |
|
4 |
India |
4,430 |
6,270 |
8,000 |
|
5 |
China |
1,260 |
2,604 |
6,050 |
|
6 |
Denmark (& Faeroe Islands) |
3,136 |
3,140 |
3,129 |
|
7 |
Italy |
1,718 |
2,123 |
2,726 |
|
8 |
France |
757 |
1,567 |
2,454 |
|
9 |
United Kingdom |
1,332 |
1,963 |
2,389 |
|
10 |
Portugal |
1,022 |
1,716 |
2,150 |
|
11 |
Canada |
683 |
1,459 |
1,856 |
|
12 |
Netherlands |
1,219 |
1,560 |
1,747 |
|
13 |
Japan |
1,061 |
1,394 |
1,538 |
|
14 |
Austria |
819 |
965 |
982 |
|
15 |
Greece |
573 |
746 |
871 |
|
16 |
Australia |
708 |
817 |
824 |
|
17 |
Ireland |
496 |
745 |
805 |
|
18 |
Sweden |
510 |
572 |
788 |
|
19 |
Norway |
267 |
314 |
333 |
|
20 |
New Zealand |
169 |
171 |
322 |
|
21 |
Egypt |
145 |
230 |
310 |
|
22 |
Belgium |
167 |
193 |
287 |
|
23 |
Taiwan |
104 |
188 |
282 |
|
24 |
Poland |
83 |
153 |
276 |
|
25 |
Brazil |
29 |
237 |
247 |
|
26 |
South Korea |
98 |
173 |
191 |
|
27 |
Turkey |
20 |
51 |
146 |
|
28 |
Czech Republic |
28 |
50 |
116 |
|
29 |
Morocco |
64 |
124 |
114 |
|
30 |
Finland |
82 |
86 |
110 |
|
31 |
Ukraine |
77 |
86 |
89 |
|
32 |
Mexico |
3 |
88 |
87 |
|
33 |
Costa Rica |
71 |
74 |
74 |
|
34 |
Bulgaria |
6 |
36 |
70 |
|
Texas Wind Power Map |
|
_______________________________________________________
Wind Energy Terminology & Glossary
AC - Alternating Current
Airfoil -The cross section profile of the leeward side of a wind generator
blade. Designed to give low drag and good lift. Also found on an airplane wing.
Air Gap - In a
permanent magnet alternator, the distance between the magnets and the laminates.
Alternating Current -
Electricity that changes direction periodically. The period is measured in
Cycles per Second (Hertz, Hz).
Alternator - A device
that produces Alternating Current from the rotation of a shaft.
Amperage - A unit of
electrical current, equal to Coulombs per second. This is the flow rate of
electrons moving through a circuit, very roughly analogous to gallons per minute
flowing from a faucet.
Ampere-Hour - A
measure of energy quantity, equal to amperes times hours. Also used to measure
battery capacity.
Anemometer - A device
that measures wind speed.
Angle of Attack - The
angle of relative air flow to the blade chord.
Annealing - A heat
treatment process that makes Cold-rolled steel more suitable for forming and
bending.
Area of a Circle - Pi
multiplied by the Radius squared.
Armature - The moving
part of an alternator, generator or motor. In many PM alternator designs, it
carries the magnets and is attached to the blades and hub. Also called a Rotor.
Axial Alternator - An
alternator design where a flat disc carrying magnets on the face (the Armature)
rotates near a flat disc carrying coils (the Stator).
Axis - The centerline
of a rotating object's movement.
Balancing - With wind
turbine blades, adjusting their weight and weight distribution through 2 axes so
that all blades are the same. Unbalanced blades create damaging vibration.
Battery - An
electrochemical device for storing energy.
Battery Bank - An
array of Batteries connected in series, parallel, or both.
Bearing - A device
that transfers a force to structural supports. In a wind generator, bearings
allow the Shaft to rotate freely, and allow the machine to Yaw into and out of
the wind.
Belt - A device for
transferring power from a rotating shaft to a generator. Allows the use of
Pulleys to change the ratio of shaft speed to and from the generator.
Betz Limit -59.3
percent. This is the theoretical maximum efficiency at which a wind generator
can operate, by slowing the wind down. If the wind generator slows the wind down
too much, air piles up in front of the blades and is not used for extracting
energy.
Blade - The part of a
wind generator rotor that catches the wind.
Braking System - A
device to slow a wind turbine's shaft speed down to safe levels electrically or
mechanically.
Bridge Rectifier - An
array of diodes used to convert Alternating Current to Direct Current.
Single-phase bridge rectifiers use 4 diodes, 3-phase bridge rectifiers use 6
diodes.
Brushes - Devices for
transferring power to or from a rotating object. Usually made of
carbon-graphite.
Ceramic Magnets - See
Ferrite Magnets.
Chord - The width of a
wind turbine blade at a given location along the length.
Coercivity--The amount
of power needed to magnetize or demagnetize a permanent magnet. Measured in
MegaGauss Oersted (mGO)
Cogging - The cyclic
physical resistance felt in some alternator designs from magnets passing the
coils and gaps in the laminates. Detrimental to Start-up.
Coil - A length of
wire wound around a form in multiple turns.
Cold-Rolled Steel -
Steel processed by working at room temperatures. More expensive than hot-rolled
steel.
Commutator - The
rotating part of a DC generator.
Concave - A surface
curved like the interior of a circle or sphere.
Convex - A surface
curved like the exterior of a circle or sphere.
Current - See
Amperage.
Cut-In Wind Speed -
The rotational speed at which an alternator or generator starts pushing
electricity hard enough (has a high enough voltage) to make electricity flow in
a circuit.
Cycles per Second -
Measured in Hertz. In electricity, it is the number of times an AC circuit
reaches both minimum and maximum values in one second.
Darrieus Wind Turbine
- A Vertical Axis Wind Turbine design from the 1920s and 1930s by F.M. Darrieus,
a French wind turbine designer.
DC - Direct Current
Delta - A 3-phase
alternator wiring configuration in which all phases are connected in Series.
Diameter - A straight
line passing through the center of a circle, and ending on both edges. Equal to
2 times the Radius.
Diode - A solid-state
device that allows electricity to flow in only one direction.
Downwind - Refers to a
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine in which the hub and blades point away from the
wind direction, the opposite of an Upwind turbine.
Drag - In a wind
generator, the force exerted on an object by moving air. Also refers to a type
of wind generator or anemometer design that uses cups instead of a blades with
airfoils.
Dump Load - A device
to which wind generator power flows when the system batteries are too full to
accept more power, usually an electric heating element. This diversion is
performed by a Shunt Regulator, and allows a Load to be kept on the Alternator
or Generator.
Duty Cycle - In a
circuit, the ratio of off time to on time.
Dynamo - A device that
produces Direct Current from a rotating shaft. See Generator.
Eddy Currents -
Currents that flow in a substance from variations in magnetic induction. See
also Lenz Effect. Laminates are used to prevent eddy currents, which cause
physical and electrical resistance in an alternator or transformer, therefore
wasting power.
Efficiency - The ratio
of energy output to energy input in a device.
Electromagnet - A
device made of wire coils that produces a magnetic field when electricity flows
through the coils.
Epoxy - A 2-part
adhesive system consisting of resin and hardener. It does not start to harden
until the elements are mixed together. NOT compatible with Fiberglas® Resin.
Excitation - Using an
electric current to create a magnetic field. See Electromagnet.
Fatigue - Stress that
causes material failure from repeated, cyclic vibration or stress.
Ferrite Magnets - Also
called Ceramic Magnets. Made of Strontium Ferrite. High Coercivity and Curie
Temperature, low cost, but brittle and 4-5 times weaker than NdFeB magnets.
Fiberglas®
Resin--Another 2-part adhesive system, NOT compatible with Epoxy. Often used for
making castings, since it is much cheaper than Epoxy.
Freewheeling - a wind
generator that is NOT connected to a Load is freewheeling, and in danger of
self-destruction from overspeeding.
Frequency - Refers to
electric current - Also see Cycles per Second.
Furling - The act of a
wind generator Yawing out of the wind either horizontally or vertically to
protect itself from high wind speeds.
Furling Tail - A wind
generator protection mechanism where the rotor shaft axis is offset horizontally
from the yaw axis, and the tail boom is both offset horizontally and hinged
diagonally, thus allowing the tail to fold up and in during high winds. This
causes the blades to turn out of the wind, protecting the machine.
Gauss - A unit of
magnetic induction, equal to 1 Maxwell per square centimeter. Higher Gauss
measurements mean more power can be induced to flow in an alternator. Gauss
readings can be increased by putting steel behind magnets, stacking magnets, or
using larger or higher-grade magnets.
Gearing - Using a
mechanical system of gears or belts and pulleys to increase or decrease shaft
speed. Power losses from friction are inherent in any gearing system.
Generator - A device
that produces Direct Current from a rotating shaft.
Governor - A device
that regulates the speed of a rotating shaft, either electrically or
mechanically.
Guy Anchor - Attaches
tower guy wires securely to the earth.
Guy Radius - The
distance between a wind turbine tower and the guy anchors.
Guy Wire - Attaches a
tower to a Guy Anchor and the ground.
H-Rotor - A Vertical
Axis Wind Turbine design.
HAWT - Horizontal Axis
Wind Turbine.
Hertz - Frequency
measurement. See Cycles per Second
Horizontal Axis Wind
Turbine - A "normal" wind turbine design, in which the shaft is
parallel to the ground, and the blades are perpendicular to the ground.
Hub - The center of a
wind generator rotor, which holds the blades in place and attaches to the shaft.
Impedance - See
Resistance.
Induction - The
production of a magnetic field by the proximity of a electric charge or the
production of a magnetic field by proximity of an electric charge.
Induction Motor - An
AC motor in which the rotating armature has no electrical connections to it (ie
no slip rings), and consists of alternating plates of aluminum and steel.
Kilowatt - 1000 Watts
(see Watt)
kW - Kilowatt.
Laminations--Electrical
circuit core parts, found in motors, generators, alternators and transformers.
When core parts are subjected to alternating electrical or magnetic fields, the
buildup of Eddy Currents causes physical and electrical power loss. Laminations
are made of thin strips of materials that make good temporary magnets and poor
permanent magnets, and each strip is insulated electrically from the next.
Leading Edge - The
edge of a blade that faces toward the direction of rotation.
Leeward - Away from
the direction from which the wind blows.
Lenz Effect - See also
Eddy Currents. From H.F.E Lenz in 1833. Electromotive force is induced with
variations in magnetic flux. It can be demonstrated physically in many different
ways--for example dragging a strong magnet over an aluminum or copper plate, or
shorting the terminals of a PM alternator and rotating the shaft by hand.
Laminates are used to reduce power losses from this effect.
Lift - The force
exerted by moving air on asymmetrically-shaped wind generator blades at right
angles to the direction of relative movement. Ideally, wind generator blades
should produce high Lift and low Drag.
Live - A circuit that
is carrying electricity.
Load - Something
physical or electrical that absorbs energy. A wind generator that is connected
to a battery bank is loaded. A disconnected wind generator is NOT loaded, so the
blades are free to spin at very high speed without absorbing any energy from the
wind, and it is in danger of destruction from overspeeding.
Losses - Power that is
harvested by a wind generator but is not transferred to a usable form. Losses
can be from friction, electrical resistance, or other causes.
Magnet - A body that
attracts ferromagnetic materials. Can be a Permanent magnet, Temporary Magnet,
or Electromagnet.
Magnetite - A common
Iron-containing mineral with ferromagnetic properties.
Magnet Wire - The kind
of wire always used in making electromagnets, alternators, generators and
motors. Uses very thin enamel insulation to minimize thickness and maximize
resistance to heat.
Magnetic Circuit - The
path in which magnetic flux flows from one magnet pole to the other.
Magnetic Field -
Magnetic fields are historically described in terms of their effect on electric
charges. A moving electric charge, such as an electron, will accelerate in the
presence of a magnetic field, causing it to change velocity and its direction of
travel. An electrically charged particle moving in a magnetic field will
experience a force (known as the Lorentz force) pushing it in a direction
perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of motion. Also called
magnetic flux.
Maximum Energy Product
- Determines how good a magnet that different materials can make. Technically,
the amount of energy that a material can supply to an external magnetic circuit
when operating within its demagnetization curve.
MegaGauss Oersted -
Magnetic force measurement, see Maximum Energy Product.
MGOe - MegaGauss
Oersted.
Moment - A force
attempting to produce motion around an axis.
NdFeB - See
Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnet.
Nacelle - The
protective covering over the generator or motor at the top of a wind turbine
tower.
Neodymium-Iron-Boron
Magnet - The composition of the most powerful Permanent Magnets known to man.
The materials are mined, processed, and sintered into shape. Then, they are
subjected to an extremely strong magnetic field and become Permanent Magnets.
Ohm's Law - The basic
math needed for nearly all electrical calculations. Please see a dictionary or
Pocket Ref for all of the variations on Ohm's Law! E=I*R (voltage(E)=amperage(I)*resistance(R)),
and all of the algebraic variations of this (I=E/R, R=E/I). Also, for DC
circuits, Watts=Volts*Amps. For AC circuits, Watts=Amps * Volts * Cosine of
phase angle theta.
Open-Circuit Voltage -
The voltage that a alternator or generator produces when it is NOT connected to
a Load.
Parallel - In DC
electrical circuits such as a battery bank or solar panel array, this is a
connection where all negative terminals are connected to each other, and all
positive terminals are connected to each other. Voltage stays the same, but
amperage is increased. In AC circuits such as a wind generator alternator, each
parallel coil is connected to common supply wires, again increasing amperage but
leaving voltage the same. Opposite of Series. See also Star.
Permanent Magnet - A
material that retains its magnetic properties after an external magnetic field
is removed.
Permanent Magnet
Alternator - An Alternator that uses moving permanent magnets instead of
Electromagnets to induce current in coils of wire.
PM - Permanent Magnet.
PMA - See Permanent
Magnet Alternator.
Phase - The timing of AC current cycles in different wires. 3-phase alternators produce current that is cyclically timed between 3 different wires and a common wire, while single phase produces it in only 1 wire and a common. In a 3-phase alternator, wire #1 receives a voltage peak, then wire #2 receives a peak, then wire #3.
Pillow Blocks -
Bearings that support a horizontal shaft.
Pitch - Setting Angle
of an airfoil or blade.
Poles - A way of
picturing magnetic phenomena. All magnets are considered to be
"dipoles", having both a North pole (which would point North if used
in a compass) and a South pole (which would point South if used in a compass. In
an alternator, generator, or motor the number of Poles is a measure of how many
coils, permanent magnets or electromagnets are in the armature or stator.
Prop - Propeller.
Propeller - The
spinning thing that makes an airplane move forward. Often incorrectly used to
describe a wind turbine Rotor.
Pulley - A device for
transferring power when using Belts as Gearing. Changing to smaller or larger
Pulleys changes the gear ratio, and can be used to make a shaft turn faster or
slower than the shaft that is providing its power.
Pulse Width Modulation
- A regulation method based on Duty Cycle. At full power, a
pulse-width-modulated circuit provides electricity 100 percent of the time. At
half power, the PWM is on half the time and off half the time. The speed of this
alternation is generally very fast. Used in both solar wind regulators to
efficiently provide regulation.
PWM - See Pulse Width
Modulation.
Radius - The distance
between the center of a circle and the outside.
Rare-Earth Magnets -
See Neodymium-Iron-Boron magnets.
Rated Power Output -
Used by wind generator manufacturers to provide a baseline for measuring
performance. Rated output may vary by manufacturer. For example, one
manufacturer's 1500 watt turbine may produce that amount of power at a 30 mph
windspeed, while another brand of 1500 watt turbine may not make 1500 Watts
until it gets a 40 mph windspeed. Read manufacturer's ratings statements
very carefully.
Rectifier - See Diode.
Radial - An alternator
design in which the armature magnets are attached to the outside circumference
of a disc, with the stator coils mounted around the outside.
Regulator - A device
to adjust incoming power so as to avoid overcharging a battery bank. In solar
power, the regulator generally just turns the solar array off when the batteries
are full. With a wind generator, the regulator generally diverts all or part of
the incoming power to a Dump Load when the batteries fill, thus keeping a Load
on the wind generator so it will not Freewheel.
Relay - An
electromechanical switch that uses a small amount of incoming electricity to
charge an electromagnet, which physically pulls down a connecting switch to
complete a circuit. This allows a low-power circuit to divert the electricity in
a high-power circuit.
Resistance - The
voltage per amp needed to make electricity flow through a wire. See Ohm's Law.
Root - The area of a
blade nearest to the hub. Generally the thickest and widest part of the blade.
Rotor--1) The blade and hub assembly of a wind generator. 2) The disc part of a
vehicle disc brake. 3) The armature of a permanent magnet alternator, which
spins and contains permanent magnets.
RPM - Revolutions Per
Minute. The number of times a shaft completes a full revolution in one minute.
Savonius - A
vertical-axis wind turbine design by S.J. Savonius of Finland from the 1920s and
30s. Shaped like a barrel split from end to end and offset along the cut. They
are drag machines, and thus give very low rpm but lots of torque.
Series - In DC
electrical circuits such as a battery bank or solar panel array, this is a
connection where all the negative terminals are connected to the neighboring
positive terminals. Voltage increases, but amperage stays the same. In AC
circuits such as a wind generator alternator, each coil is connected to the one
next to it, and so on, again increasing voltage but leaving amperage the same.
Opposite of Parallel. See also Delta.
Servo Motor - A motor
used for motion control in robots, hard disc drives, etc. Generally designed
more like an alternator than a standard motor, most Servos need special control
circuitry to make them rotate electrically. Some can be used in reverse to
generate alternating current.
Setting Angle - The
angle between the blade Chord and the plane of the blade's rotation. Also called
Pitch or blade angle. A blade carved with a Twist has a different setting angle
at the Tip than at the Root.
Shaft - The rotating
part in the center of a wind generator or motor that transfers power.
Short Circuit - 1)
Parts of a circuit connected together with only the impedance of the leads
between them. 2) In wind generators, connecting the output leads directly
together so as to heavily load a generator in high winds. This creates a
"short" circuit path back to the generator, bypassing all other loads.
Shunt - An electrical
bypass circuit that proportionally divides current flow between the shunt and
the shunted equipment. It also allows high current measurements with low-current
equipment.
Shunt Regulator - A
bypass device for power not needed for charging batteries. When batteries are
full, the regulator shunts all or part of the excess power to a Dump Load to
protect the batteries from overcharging damage.
Slip Ring - Devices
used to transfer electricity to or from rotating parts. Used in wound-field
alternators, motors, and in some wind generator yaw assemblies.
Star - A coil
connection scheme for 3 phase alternators and generators in which all 3 coil
phases are connected in parallel--they all share a common connection.
Start-Up - The
windspeed at which a wind turbine rotor starts to rotate. It does not
necessarily produce any power until it reaches cut-in speed. See Cut-in Wind
Speed.
Stationary - With wind
generator towers, a tower that does not tilt up and down. The tower must be
climbed or accessed with a crane to install or service equipment at the top.
Stator - The part of a
motor, generator or alternator that does not rotate. In permanent magnet
alternators it holds the coils and laminates.
Tail - See Vane. The
proper term is actually Vane, but Tail is commonly used.
Tail Boom - A strut
that holds the tail (Vane) to the wind generator frame.
Tape Drive Motor - A
type of permanent magnet DC motor often used as a generator in small wind
generator systems.
Taper - The change in
wind turbine blade width (chord) along the length.
Temporary Magnet - A
material that shows magnetic properties only while exposed to an external
magnetic field.
Thrust - In a wind
generator, wind forces pushing back against the rotor. Wind generator bearings
must be designed to handle thrust or else they will fail.
Thrust Bearing - A
bearing that is designed to handle axial forces along the centerline of the
shaft--in a wind generator, this is the force of the wind pushing back against
the blades.
Tilt-Up - A tower that
is hinged at the base and tilted up into position using a gin pole and winch or
vehicle. Wind turbines on tilt-up towers can be serviced on the ground, with no
climbing required.
Tip - The end of a
wind generator blade farthest from the hub.
Tip Speed Ratio -The
ratio of how much faster than the windspeed that the blade tips are moving.
Abbreviation TSR.
Torque - Turning
force, equal to force times radius. See also Moment.
Tower - A structure
that supports a wind generator, usually high in the air.
Trailing Edge - The
edge of a blade that faces away from the direction of rotation.
Transformer - Multiple
individual coils of wire wound on a laminate core. Transfers power from one
circuit to another using magnetic induction. Usually used to step voltage up or
down. Works only with AC current.
TSR - Tip Speed Ratio.
Turn - In winding
stator coils, this is one loop of wire around a form. A coil will often be
referred to by how many turns of a certain gauge wire are in each coil.
Twist - In a wind
generator blade, the difference in Pitch between the blade root and the blade
tip. Generally, the twist allows more Pitch at the blade root for easier
Startup, and less Pitch at the tip for better high-speed performance.
Upwind - the direction
in which a wind turbine generator faces into the wind.
Vane - A large, flat
piece of material used to align a wind turbine rotor correctly into the wind.
Usually mounted vertically on the tail boom. Sometimes called a Tail.
Variable Pitch - A
type of wind turbine rotor where the attack angle of the blades can be adjusted
either automatically or manually.
VAWT - Vertical Axis
Wind Turbine.
Vertical Axis Wind
Turbine - A wind generator design where the rotating shaft is perpendicular to
the ground, and the cups or blades rotate parallel to the ground.
Voltage - A measure of
electrical potential difference. One volt is the potential difference needed in
a circuit to make one Ampere flow, dissipating one Watt of heat.
Volt-Amp - In an AC circuit, this is Volts * Amps, without factoring in the power factor, derived from the phase angle.
Watt - One Joule of
electrical energy per second. In DC circuits, Watts=Volts * Amps. In AC
circuits, Watts=Volts * Amps * the cosine of the phase angle. See also Volt-Amp.
Wild AC - Alternating
Current that varies in Frequency.
Wind Generator - A
device that captures the force of the wind to provide rotational motion to
produce power with an alternator or generator.
Windmill - A device
that uses wind power to mill grain into flour. But informally used as a synonym
for wind generator or wind turbine, and to describe machines that pump water
with wind power.
Wind Turbine - A
machine that captures the force of the wind. Called a Wind Generator when used
to produce electricity. Called a Windmill when used to crush grain or pump
water.
Windward - Toward the
direction from which the wind blows.
Yaw - Rotation
parallel to the ground. A wind generator Yaws to face winds coming from
different directions.
Yaw Axis--Vertical
axis through the center of gravity.
Some
of the above information provided with our thanks by the Department of Energy
and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
______________________________________________________
What is Battery Energy Storage?
Battery Energy Storage, and Battery Energy Storage systems (BESS) use stored electrical power in batteries, and feed this energy to the electric grid (building, or facility) at times when it makes economic sense. For a "Net Zero Energy" building or facility, a Solar Cogeneration, or Solar Trigeneration energy system is used that stores excess solar power in the Battery Energy Storage system during the daytime, for use when the sun goes down, and during inclement weather.
Battery Energy Storage is an ideal solution for utility-scale wind farms, particularly in Texas, when most of the renewable energy is generated at night when the power isn't needed.
Battery Energy Storage is also an ideal demand side management or load leveling solution.
What is the
Brayton Cycle?
Gas turbines operate on the principal of the Brayton Cycle, which is defined as a constant pressure cycle, with four basic operations which it accomplishes simultaneously and continuously for an uninterrupted flow of power.
Background
Information and History of Rudolph Diesel and Sadi Carnot
Rudolph Diesel was educated at the predecessor school to the Technical
University of Munich, Germany. In 1878, he was introduced to the work of Sadi
Carnot, who theorized that an engine could achieve much higher efficiency than
the steam engines of the day. Carnot envisioned a cycle in which a gas is
compressed, heated, allowed to expand, and then cooled. After the gas is cooled,
the cycle begins anew. Mechanical energy is used to compress the gas and thermal
energy to heat it. In turn, expansion of the gas yields mechanical energy, and
its cooling yields thermal energy. The net result is conversion of thermal
energy to mechanical energy.
Diesel sought to apply Carnot’s theory to the internal combustion engine. The efficiency of the Carnot Cycle increases with the compression ratio—the ratio of gas volume at full expansion to its volume at full compression. Nicklaus Otto invented an internal combustion engine in 1876 that was the predecessor to the modern gasoline engine. Otto’s engine mixed fuel and air before their introduction to the cylinder, and a flame or spark was used to ignite the fuel-air mixture at the appropriate time. However, air gets hotter as it is compressed, and if the compression ratio is too high, the heat of compression will ignite the fuel prematurely. The low compression ratios needed to prevent premature ignition of the fuel-air mixture limited the efficiency of the Otto engine.
Rudolph Diesel wanted to build an engine with the highest possible compression ratio. He introduced fuel only when combustion was desired and allowed the fuel to ignite on its own in the hot compressed air. Diesel’s engine achieved an efficiency higher than that of the Otto engine and much higher than that of the steam engine. It also eliminated the trouble-prone electric-spark ignition system. Diesel received a patent in 1893 and demonstrated a workable engine in 1897. Today, diesel engines are classified as “compression-ignition” engines, and Otto engines are classified as “spark-ignition” engines.
What is the
Carnot Cycle?
The Carnot Cycle has been described as being the most efficient thermal cycle possible, wherein there are no heat losses, and consisting of four reversible processes, two isothermal and two adiabatic. It has also been described as a cycle of expansion and compression of a reversible heat engine that does work with no loss of heat.
What is the Cheng
Cycle?
The Cheng Cycle is a highly flexible and efficient method of optimizing a cogeneration plant, and more specifically a combined cycle power plant, which also provides a high amount of flexibility in the power and thermal energy output.
For a Cheng Cycle to be implemented, a gas turbine and waste heat boiler or heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) is required. The gas turbine is updated to accept steam injection - the steam being "superheated steam" which is capable of handling up to 20% of the exhaust flow from the gas turbine. The saturated steam as well as the superheated steam, is generated from the waste heat boiler or heat recovery steam generator.
When
the Cheng Cycle is in 100% power mode, all of the steam that is produced by the
"waste heat" from the gas turbine, is "recycled" through the gas turbine.
In cogeneration plants, the Cheng Cycle system is set-up so that steam may be used for process
application and-or recycled back to the gas turbine. A duct burner is placed between the gas turbine and the
waste heat boiler
or the heat
recovery steam generator
(HRSG) which increases the total amount of steam output generated by the plant.
What
is "Cogeneration"?
Did you know that 10% of our nation's electricity now comes from "cogeneration" plants?
And
because cogeneration
is so efficient, it saves its customers up to 40% on their energy expenses, and
provides even greater savings to our environment through significant reductions
in fuel usage and much lower greenhouse
gas emissions.
Cogeneration
- also known as “combined
heat and power” (CHP), cogen, district energy, total energy, and
combined cycle, is the simultaneous production of heat (usually in the form of
hot water and/or steam) and power, utilizing one primary fuel such as natural
gas, or a renewable fuel, such as Biomethane,
B100 Biodiesel,
or Synthesis Gas.
Cogeneration technology is not the latest industry buzz-word being touted as the solution to our nation's energy woes. Cogeneration is a proven technology that has been around for over 120 years!
Our nation's first commercial power plant was a cogeneration plant that was designed and built by Thomas Edison in 1882 in New York. Our nation's first commercial power plant was called the "Pearl Street Station."
What is the Graz Cycle?
The Graz Cycle is the only thermodynamic combustion cycle that allows for the retention and capture of carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels.
The Graz Cycle burns fossil fuel along with pure oxygen thereby enabling for the cost-effective separation of the carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion process through condensation. The additional expense for supplying the oxygen for the combustion process - and requirements for an air separation unit, are compensated, in part, through the increase in cycle efficiencies that exceed 65%. The combined efficiency of the Graz Cycle equals of exceeds the thermodynamic performance of other serious contenders in Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS).
The Graz Cycle is the thermodynamic cycle that provides for a "zero emission power plant" which also has the highest available efficiencies using gas turbines. The Graz Cycle has also been heralded as a "zero emission" power plant.
In practice, net electrical cycle efficiencies for Graz Cycle power plants have exceeded 65% - which is far higher than typical of state-of-the-art combined cycle plants.
According to the DOE web site, the Graz Cycle consists of a high temperature Brayton cycle and a low temperature Rankine cycle with a Heat Recovery Steam Generator. The Graz Cycle is an oxy-fuel power cycle with the capability of retaining all the combustion generated CO2 for further use. Its cycle configuration aims at highest efficiency by reducing the heat extraction in the condenser to a minimum. A thermodynamic investigation of the Graz Cycle fired with natural gas (CH4) shows a net efficiency of 52.5%, if the efforts for oxygen supply and CO2 compression to liquefaction are considered. If synthesis gas can be used from an external synthesis gas plant at 500°C, efficiencies can rise up to 56%. Studies indicate that further efficiency improvements and simplification of the cycle are possible.
What is Grid
Free Energy sm
?
Grid free energy is an energy system that generates 100% (or more) of the energy needed for a building or business (or homeowner) 24 - 7 - 365.
Our customers NEVER receive an electric bill!
Our customers, in many cases, can generate their own power and energy at prices better than the electric utility!
Our customers do NOT have ugly power lines to look at!
Our customers are NEVER told when they can or cannot use energy!
Our customers energy needs are NEVER "controlled" by a "smart meter" or electric utility company since they have the freedom of NOT being connected to the electric grid!
We provide grid free energy and net zero energy architectural, engineering and project development services.
What is the
Kalina Cycle?
The Kalina Cycle was invented by Alexander Kalina, a Russian engineer, which he first demonstrated in the mid 1960's.
The Kalina Cycle is different from the Rankine Cycle in that the Kalina Cycle uses a water and ammonia solution in low temperature Waste Heat Recovery applications, such as geothermal power plants. This increases the thermodynamic efficiency and power output.
While few Kalina Cycle plants have been built to date, reports of the technology's efficiency may exceed that of the Organic Rankine Cycle and represent an exciting development in Waste Heat Recovery.
What is the
Organic Rankine Cycle?
A Rankine Cycle is a closed circuit steam cycle. (Also - see Rankine Cycle).
An Organic Rankine Cycle uses a heated chemical instead of steam as found in the Rankine Cycle.
Chemicals
used in the Organic
Rankine Cycle include freon, butane, propane, ammonia, and the new environmentally-friendly"
refrigerants.
Why use a chemical refrigerant?
A refrigerant boils at a temperature below the temperature of frozen ice. Solar
heat, for example, of only 150 degrees Fahrenheit from a typical rooftop solar
hot water heater, will furiously boil a refrigerant. The resulting high-pressure
refrigerant vapor is then piped to an organic Rankine Cycle
engine.
Why is it called "organic"?
"Organic" is a term used in chemistry to describe a class of chemicals
that includes Freon and most of the other common refrigerants.
What is the
Rankine Cycle?
The Rankine Cycle is a thermodynamic cycle used to generate electricity in many power stations, and is the real-world approach to the Carnot Cycle. Superheated steam is generated in a boiler, and then expanded in a steam turbine. The steam turbine drives a generator, to convert the work into electricity. The remaining steam is then condensed and recycled as feed-water to the boiler. A disadvantage of using the water-steam mixture is that superheated steam has to be used, otherwise the moisture content after expansion might be too high, which would erode the turbine blades.
What is Stack Gas?
Stack gas also known as flue gas and "wasted heat," is the heat, passes through or "escapes" through a chimney or smokestack. Typically, stack gas begins with the combustion in a boiler of a fossil fuel, such as natural gas, diesel or coal.
What
is "Trigeneration"?
Trigeneration is the simultaneous production of three forms of energy - typically, Cooling, Heating and Power - from only one fuel input. Put another way, our trigeneration power plants produce three different types of energy for the price of one.
Trigeneration energy systems can reach overall system efficiencies of 86% to 93%. Typical "central" power plants, that do not need the heat generated from the combustion and power generation process, are only about 33% efficient.

Trigeneration
Diagram & Description
Trigeneration Power Plants' Have the Highest System Efficiencies and are
About 300 % More Efficient than Typical Central Power Plants
Trigeneration
plants are installed at locations that can benefit from all three forms of
energy. These types of installations that install trigeneration
energy systems are called "onsite power generation" also referred to as
"decentralized energy."
One of our company's principal's first experience with the design and development of a trigeneration power plant was the trigeneration power plant installation at Rice University in 1987 where our trigeneration development team started out by conducting a "cogeneration" feasibility study. The EPC contractor that Rice University selected installed the trigeneration power which included a 4.0 MW Ruston gas turbine power plant, along with waste heat recovery boilers and Absorption Chillers. A "waste heat recovery boiler" captures the heat from the exhaust of the gas turbine. From there, the recovered energy was converted to chilled water - originally from (3) Hitachi Absorption Chillers - 2 were rated at 1,000 tons each, and the third Hitachi Absorption Chiller was rated at 1,500 tons. The Hitachi Absorption Chillers were replaced shortly after their installation by the EPC company. The first trigeneration plant at Rice University was so successful, they added a second 5.0 MW trigeneration plant so today, Rice University is now generating about 9.0 MW of electricity, and also producing the cooling and heating the university needs from the trigeneration plant and circulating the trigeneration energy around its campus.

Trigeneration Chart
Trigeneration's
"Super-Efficiency" compared
with other competing technologies
As you can see, there is No Competition for Trigeneration!
Our trigeneration power plants are the ideal onsite power
and energy solution for customers that include: Data
Centers, Hospitals, Universities, Airports, Central Plants, Colleges
& Universities, Dairies, Server Farms, District Heating & Cooling
Plants,
Food Processing Plants, Golf/Country
Clubs, Government Buildings, Grocery Stores, Hotels, Manufacturing
Plants,
Nursing Homes, Office
Buildings / Campuses,
Radio Stations, Refrigerated
Warehouses,
Resorts,
Restaurants,
Schools, Server Farms, Shopping Centers, Supermarkets, Television
Stations, Theatres and Military Bases.
At about 86% to 93% net system efficiency, our trigeneration power plants are about 300% more efficient at providing energy than your current electric utility. That's because the typical electric utility's power plants are only about 33% efficient - they waste 2/3 of the fuel in generating electricity in the enormous amount of waste heat energy that they exhaust through their smokestacks.
Trigeneration is defined as the simultaneous production of three energies: Cooling, Heating and Power. Our trigeneration energy systems use the same amount of fuel in producing three energies that would normally only produce just one type of energy. This means our customers that have our trigeneration power plants have significantly lower energy expenses, and a lower carbon footprint.
What is Waste Heat
Recovery?
There are more than 500,000 smokestacks in the U.S. that are "wasting" heat, an untapped resource that can be converted to energy with Waste Heat Recovery technologies.
About 10% of these 500,000 smokestacks represent about 75% of the available wasted heat which has a stack gas exit temperature above 500 degrees F. which could generate approximately 50,000 megawatts of electricity annually and an annual market of over $75 billion in gross revenues before tax incentives and greenhouse gas emissions credits.
Waste Heat Recovery technologies represent the least cost solution which provides the greatest return on investment, than any other possible green energy technology or "carbon free energy" opportunity!
Typical Waste Heat Recovery Installation
In some cogeneration and trigeneration designs, the exhaust gases can be used to activate a thermal wheel or a desiccant dehumidifier. Thermal wheels use the exhaust gas to heat a wheel with a medium that absorbs the heat and then transfers the heat when the wheel is rotated into the incoming airflow.
A professional engineer should be involved in designing and sizing of the Waste Heat Recovery section. For a proper and economical operation, the design of the heat recovery section involves consideration of many related factors, such as the thermal capacity of the exhaust gases, the exhaust flow rate, the sizing and type of heat exchanger, and the desired parameters over a various range of operating conditions of the cogeneration or trigeneration system — all of which need to be considered for proper and economical operation.
Many processes, especially in industrial applications, produce large amounts of excess heat – i.e., heat beyond what can be efficiently used in the process. Waste Heat Recovery methods attempt to extract some of the energy as work that otherwise would be wasted.
Typical methods of recovering heat in industrial applications include direct heat recovery to the process itself, recuperators, regenerators, and waste heat boilers. In many applications – especially those with low-temperature waste heat streams, such as automotive applications – the economic benefits of waste heat recovery do not justify the cost of the recovery systems. Innovative, affordable methods that are highly efficient, applicable to low-temperature streams, and/or suitable for use with corrosive or “dirty” wastes could expand the number of viable applications of waste heat recovery, as well as improve the performance of existing applications. Our focus is on the development of innovative Waste Heat Recovery processes and techniques that are (1) more efficient than conventional methods, yet still cost-effective; and (2) applicable to waste streams from which heat cannot be recovered easily with conventional methods.
Turning to cooling, air conditioning systems consume approximately 10% of the energy used in U.S. buildings and are key contributors to peak demand. Consequently, improving the energy efficiency of air conditioning systems would substantially reduce overall energy consumption and enhance grid reliability. For example, compressors require cooling to dissipate the heat produced during compression and could benefit from improved surface heat transfer – innovative designs could increase the available heat-transfer area or materials enhancement could increase the heat flux between the hot and cool sides of a heat exchanger. Similarly, a reduction in the requirement for condenser cooling could provide significant energy savings if more-efficient, cost-effective technologies were developed.
This is where we believe waste heat recovery integrated with our Solar Trigeneration energy systems represents a unique opportunity for commercial and industrial clients.
Industrial Waste Heat Recovery
Waste
Heat Recovery from exit gases can significantly increase the energy
efficiency of industrial processes. Energy can be recovered from flue and
stack gases, vent gases, and combustion gases at a variety of temperatures at
large-scale industrial plants (chemical plants, petroleum refineries,
biorefineries, pulp and paper mills, etc.).
The market for Distributed
PV, also known as
"Rooftop PV"
will be a $60 billion/year market by 2013!
"Concentrating Solar Power - The Technology That Will Save Humanity."
http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/04/14/solar_electric_thermal/index.html
**********************************************************************

Renewable Energy
Institute
"Changing the Way the
World Makes and Uses Energy"
____________________________________________________
What is the "Unified Smart Grid"?
The Unified Smart Grid is the name used for the future transmission power lines that would carry green electricity from the many solar power plants and solar power parks and wind farms that generate the power, typically in remote areas, to the "load centers" or major cities that would use the green power.
Quite simply, our country's out-dated and inefficient National Electric Grid, lacks the ability to carry all the new green electricity being planned from hundreds of new solar power parks and wind power generation facilities.
The Unified Smart Grid will be a national interconnected network relying on a high capacity backbone of electric power transmission lines linking all the nation's local electrical networks that have been upgraded to smart grids. Europe's analogous project is sometimes referred to as the SuperSmart Grid, a term that also appears in the literature describing the Unified Smart Grid.
Cost estimates to rebuild the nation's electric grid as a Unified Smart Grid have ranged from $350 billion to $450 billion.
Support for
the unified smart grid came with passage of the Energy Independence and Security Act of
2007. Title 13 of this Act invested $100 million in funding for the
years 2008 – 2012 and establishes a matching program to states, utilities and consumers to build
unified smart grid capabilities. It also creates a Grid Modernization Commission to assess the benefits of demand response
and automated demand response and recommended a set of system protocols and
standards to be led by the National Institute of Standards and Technology which
would coordinate the development of smart grid standards. FERC would then promulgate
these standards and protocols for the unified smart grid through its official
rulemaking capabilities.
The Unified
Smart Grid received further support with the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of
2009 that set aside $11 billion for the creation of a smart grid.
Building
a Unified
Smart Grid
would
help jump-start the renewable
energy investments in solar power
parks. Thousands of megawatts of new solar
power parks (both Concentrating
Solar Power plants and Photovoltaic Power Plants) are being planned. Most
are located in the desert Southwest due to the solar energy resource. A Unified
Smart Grid
is
needed to move the large amount of power, which is fairly concentrated, to the
rest of the nation. Without the new Unified
Smart Grid, it
would be impossible to distribute the green power to the nation.
The new Unified Smart Grid is significantly more efficient than the present, nearly 100 year old technology that makes up our nation's present transmission and distribution network of how we get the power from central power plants to customers and major load centers.
Much of the new Unified Smart Grid will be comprised of "High Voltage Direct Current" transmission lines which is significantly more efficient than the present high voltage alternating current transmission lines.
The new Unified Smart Grid will provide economic development, thousands of new jobs, and significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
What would the new Unified Smart Grid look like?
Source: American Electric Power
__________________________________________________
For more information on the Unified Smart Grid, visit one of the following sites:
Central Power
Plant
www.CentralPowerPlant.com
Electric Power
Generation
www.ElectricPowerGeneration.net
High
Voltage Direct Current
www.HighVoltageDirectCurrent.com
National
Electric Grid
www.NationalElectricGrid.com
Transmission
and Distribution
www.TransmissionAndDistribution.net
Unified Smart
Grid
www.UnifiedSmartGrid.com
Wind
Power Generation
www.WindPowerGeneration.com
You Can't
Have a Unified
Smart Grid Without:
Advanced Metering System * Advanced Meters * Automated Demand Response * Automated Energy Management
Battery Energy Storage * Building Automation Systems * Carbon Free Energy * Clean Power Generation * Cogeneration
Compressed Air Energy Storage * Decentralized Energy * Demand Side Management * Dispersed Generation
Distributed Energy Resources * Distributed Generation * Distributed PV * EcoGeneration * High Voltage Direct Current
Load Leveling * Locational Marginal Pricing * Micro-Grid * Net Zero Energy * Net Zero Energy Buildings
Nodal Pricing * Onsite Power Generation * Pollution Free Power * Plug In Electric Vehicles * Renewable Energy Parks
Rooftop PV * Solar Cogeneration * Solar Power Parks * Trigeneration * Virtual Power Plants * Waste Heat Recovery
_______________________________________________________
What is Front End Engineering Design?
Front-end
Engineering Design, also known as Front End
Engineering or
"FEED," is the preliminary engineering and conceptual design completed
in advance of the start of EPC (Engineering, Procurement and
Construction). Front End Engineering usually concludes with the
engineering firm's presentation of an Engineering
Feasibility Study or Analysis.
Front-end
Engineering Design includes a design team that includes and integrates
all or most engineering fields such as mechanical engineering, electrical
engineering, environmental engineering, civil engineering, power engineering,
chemical engineering, etc. The FEED design team includes the project
visualization and conceptualization stages, including "what-if"
decision making analyses, integrating the client company's goals, objectives
into an efficient and economic engineering solution.
What is Balance of
Plant?
Balance of plant
or "BOP," consists of the remaining systems, components, and structures that comprise a complete power plant or energy system
- not included in the prime mover and waste heat recovery (ex.
gas turbines,
steam turbines,
heat
recovery steam generators (HRSG), waste heat
boilers, etc.) systems. In solar
power parks, BOP is referred to as BOS or balance
of system.
Engineering Procurement
Construction, also referred to as; Engineer
Procure Construct, "EPC" or Engineering
Procurement and Construction, is the
terminology used when an owner, for example, is seeking to build a new cogeneration
power plant uses when the owner is seeking a "turnkey" project
solution. EPC contracts are not only a very common form of contracting within the
construction industry, but increasingly becoming the norm, particularly in
the electric
power generation (power plants) and utility sector.
The construction company, via the EPC contract with the owner, provides for the design, engineering, procurement of all related supplies, components, materials, labor, services, etc. The contractor, with approval/permit by EPC contract with the owner, may sub-contract part of the work.
Engineering Procurement and Construction or "EPC" contracts with long-term performance guarantees are becoming increasingly popular for some renewable energy technologies, such as commercial-scale Distributed Solar Generation / Distributed PV systems.
Engineering Procurement and Construction contracts give the owner unprecedented assurance that the system will provide the long-term energy benefits advertised without wasting time and money with the Architectural and Engineering ("A&E") firm or expensive change orders that take additional time and resources to process and integrate. These performance guarantees cover the entire installation and go way beyond manufacturer warranties that only cover specific parts and not the system as a whole.
EPC and performance guarantee contracts can be a wise choice for many reasons. Oftentimes, the Architectural and Engineering firms do not have the in-house expertise to understand fully how to specify renewable energy systems. Due to the newer nature of these technologies and the rapidly developing nature of many technologies, this is a specialized field of its own for each renewable technology type. If the Architectural and Engineering company specifies particular equipment, while it may be feasible, it may not be the optimal design or the most likely to be available at construction.
EPC contracts also provide more flexibility in equipment choices that can reduce change orders and construction delays. For example, many photovoltaic modules change specifications and dimensions on almost a monthly basis. Even the oldest and most reputable manufacturers are working to keep pace with fierce competition in the field today. Given that the modules are the heart of the photovoltaic system, it reasons that specifying a particular module in the construction documents might result in a change order and result in cost over runs and delays by actual construction.
In an EPC contract with a performance guarantee, the contractor has a strong financial incentive to use the most reliable and highest performing equipment and to ensure the highest standards are maintained throughout installation and that any details that could influence long-term performance are addressed. Practices ranging from cherry picking the highest output modules to over-sizing wiring and conduit to improved operations and maintenance (O&M) plans might not be necessary for inspection or commissioning but can contribute to meeting the contractor's long-term performance liability. These same practices in turn enhance the long-term energy performance to the greater benefit of the facility and those that operate it.
Performance guarantee contracts attract top renewable energy contractors with long-term success in their fields. Less capable or experienced contractors will not savor the extra liability involved, nor will they have the expertise or even access to the top quality equipment necessary to fulfill a performance guarantee.
Certain provisions should be included with any EPC contract to ensure coordination and consistency with the remainder of the project. All contracts and subcontracts related to the project should include provisions requiring participation in the integrated design process including coordination of design with other related aspects of the project.
The EPC contractor needs to work with the Architectural and Engineering firm to understand the building elements that are necessary to the integration of the renewable energy system. In addition, an EPC contract needs provisions to ensure coordination with the larger project construction team. While coordination is important, this type of design and construction contract allows the contractors to do what they do best and frees more of the agency's critical planning resources for other aspects of the project.
Additional provisions standard with other construction contract terms should also be included in the EPC contract. These include requiring the team to perform enhanced commissioning over the first year and developing an O&M manual and training for the system.
Through a
combination of EPC contracts combined with long-term performance guarantees, the
construction relationship is transformed from being sometimes adversarial to
being a win/win situation for everyone involved.
Engineering Procurement
Construction and
Front End Engineering Design (FEED)
and
Project Development Services
______________________________________________________
Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Since the year 1750
|
## |
|
World CO2 since 1750 (cubic feet) |
World Carbon Dioxide Emissions since 1750 (cubic feet)
The
carbon clock tracks total carbon dioxide
emissions in metric tons since 1750.
Since 1750, humans have emitted over 5 trillion pounds of carbon
emissions into
the atmosphere. Roughly half of this has ended up in the oceans where it is
beginning to damage the coral reefs. The other half is still in the atmosphere
and causing global warming. Each pound of CO2 takes up as much space as a 500
pound person.
The formula (which should be good for a year or two) is:
C(t) = 2.58 ×1012 + 1240×t, where t is seconds since the start of 2007.
C is tonnes (metric tons) of carbon dioxide
emissions.
2205 x C gives pounds of carbon dioxide
emissions.
That comes to over 43 billion tons/year or over 86 trillion pounds/year.
Carbon dioxide (2) = 1 carbon atom with 2 oxygen atoms.
Carbon has relative weight 12 and Oxygen 16.
So it takes only 12 pounds of carbon to make 12+16+16 = 44 pounds of CO2.
___________________________________________________
Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
Linked to
the Loss of Polar Bears

Photo courtesy of Alaska Image Library. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
______________________________________________________
What is "Decentralized Energy"?
Decentralized Energy is the opposite of "centralized energy." Decentralized Energy energy generates the power and energy that a residential, commercial or industrial customer needs, onsite. Examples of decentralized energy production are solar energy systems and solar trigeneration energy systems.
Today's electric utility industry was "born" in the 1930's, when fossil fuel prices were cheap, and the cost of wheeling the electricity via transmission power lines, was also cheap. "Central" power plants could be located hundreds of miles from the load centers, or cities, where the electricity was needed. These extreme inefficiencies and cheap fossil fuel prices have added a considerable economic and environmental burden to the consumers and the planet.
Centralized energy is found in the form of electric utility companies that generate power from "central" power plants. Central power plants are highly inefficient, averaging only 33% net system efficiency. This means that the power coming to your home or business - including the line losses and transmission inefficiencies of moving the power - has lost 75% to as much as 80% energy it started with at the "central" power plant. These losses and inefficiencies translate into significantly increased energy expenses by the residential and commercial consumers.
Decentralized Energy
is the Best Way to Generate Clean and Green Energy!
How we make and distribute electricity is changing!
The electric power generation, transmission and distribution system (the electric "grid") is changing and evolving from the electric grid of the 19th and 20th centuries, which was inefficient, highly-polluting, very expensive and “dumb.”
The "old" way of generating and distributing energy resembles this slide:
The electric grid of the 21st century (see slide below)
will be
Decentralized, Smart, Efficient and provide "carbon
free energy" and “pollution
free power” to customers who remain on the
electric grid. The electric grid of the future will be comprised of
both Onsite Power
Generation plants and "utility
scale power plants" that are fueled/powered with Biomass
Gasification, Biomethane, Concentrating
Solar Power, B100 Biodiesel, Distributed
PV, EcoGeneration Systems, Geothermal
Power Plants, Synthesis
Gas, Rooftop PV, Solar
Cogeneration, Solar Energy
Systems, Solar Power Parks, Solar
Trigeneration and Wind Power
Generation - located at Residential, Commercial, Industrial
and City/Municipal Locations.
Some customers will choose to dis-connect from the grid entirely. (Electric grid represented by the small light blue circles in the slide below.)
The
transmission grid will be upgraded to a "Unified
Smart Grid" with green electrons now being wheeled via "High
Voltage Direct Current."
Typical "central" power plants and the electric utility companies that own them will either be shut-down, closed or go out of business due to one or more of the following: failed business model, inordinate expenses related to central power plants that are inefficient, excessive pollution/emissions, high costs, continued reliance on the use of fossil fuels to generate energy, and the failure to provide efficient, carbon free energy and pollution free power.
Carbon free energy and pollution free power reduces our dependence on foreign oil and makes us Energy Independent while reducing and eliminating Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
* Some of the above information from the Department of Energy website with permission.
______________________________________________________
America's "Clear and Present Danger"
America
Has INCREASED its' Dependence on Foreign
Sources of Energy by 50% Since 1973.
America
is even more "addicted" to foreign oil today, than we were in 1973 -
1974 when OPEC, Saudi Arabia and other suppliers
from the Middle-East
stopped selling us their fossil fuels, and created a significant blow to our
economy.
According
to the CIA Fact Book, the U.S.A.
PRODUCES: 7,460,000 bbls of oil each day
CONSUMES:
20,800,000 bbls of oil each day
EVERY
day, the U.S. must IMPORT over 13 million bbls of oil from foreign
countries and foreign suppliers to meet demand.
This
Means that 65% of America's Energy Supplies are Now Imported from Suppliers
from Foreign Countries which means that 65% of the gasoline in your car's gas tank, comes from a foreign
country.
At $100/barrel of oil, this also means that $1.3 Billion (American) Dollars leave
our country, EVERY DAY, and go to foreign countries/suppliers of our fossil fuels, to
pay for the energy we need.
That's
$1.3 Billion dollars EVERY DAY - leaving our economy, and going to support a foreign
country's economy, employ THEIR workers and talk
about our foreign trade deficit..... nearly $500 Billion EVERY year, leaves our
country to pay for our oil addiction and the energy we need. That's 1/2
TRILLION DOLLARS every year!
This is NOT acceptable.
America needs to quickly transition to Energy Independence. American Oil and Natural Gas PLUS American Renewable Energy is the Only Way America Can Achieve Energy Independence.
Millions of new and sustainable American jobs would be created here at home, if we would end our addiction to foreign fossil fuels, and quickly transition to an economy based on renewable energy and renewable fuels, produced here in the U.S.A.
The good news is that today, America already has all of the Renewable Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Technologies needed to make American Energy Independence a reality.
According to Monty Goodell, Founder and Chairman of the Renewable Energy Institute, "our increased dependence and reliance on foreign energy supplies represents a Clear and Present Danger to our national security, our economy, and the lives and livelihood of every American. Energy - including the energy we use from imported fossil fuels, is the very "lifeblood" of the American economy as it is for every industrialized country. An economy dies without it's lifeblood of energy. This Clear and Present Danger we face is far more serious than the problems related to greenhouse gas emissions. And while greenhouse gas emissions are very serious issue, in the long-term, pales in comparison to America's vital national security interests and America's economic stability in the short term. For this reason alone, America needs to transition away from its addiction to foreign energy supplies. And America's abundant renewable energy resources such as the energy we receive from the sun, and renewable energy technologies such as concentrated solar power (CSP) plants - can supply 100% of America's power requirements with a concentrating solar power plant measuring 75 miles by 75 miles, located in the Southwest U.S. By generating America's power from concentrating solar power plants, America resolves its' short-term Clear and Present Danger as it relates to importing its energy from foreign countries, and the long-term problems relating to greenhouse gas emissions."
Continuing, Mr. Goodell states that "too many Americans have forgotten what happened to us in 1973, when the Arabs and OPEC brought the United States economy to a screeching halt during the OPEC Oil Embargo. This happened because they (mainly the country of Saudi Arabia) disagreed with our foreign policy and is the reason why they "turned off the tap" of our need for their oil supplies. When Saudi Arabia and OPEC stopped the vital flow of oil to our country in 1973, they caused an "oil shock" that severely and negatively impacted our economy.
Mr. Goodell's question for us to ponder is, "do these countries who sell us 60% of our daily energy requirements, like us and our foreign policy, or might they leverage our addiction to their fossil fuels, and turn off the tap to make us adjust or revise our foreign policy?? Like any addict, America's foreign policy may be held hostage to its addiction, and in this case, our addiction to foreign oil, may over-ride our national interests."
Have
American's forgotten the gas shortages and long lines at
their gas stations to get
gas during the Arab Oil Embargo of 1973?
"Apparently so." Mr. Goodell states that "in 1973, America was 'addicted' and 'over the barrel' of foreign oil to the amount of 40%. Forty percent of our energy 'needs' in 1973 came from countries - many of which didn't like us then, and I'm afraid, many of them still don't. The difference between 1973 and today - is that today we receive 50% MORE foreign oil now than we did in 1973. And now we know about the problems relating to greenhouse gas emissions that we didn't know then. America needs to change course, and change course now, in terms of its' energy supplies and how we keep America's economy strong, without the threat of being held hostage to a middle-east tyrant or regime, that could once again, turn on us, and turn off our supply of foreign oil."
Remember ????

"Sadly,
most Americans have forgotten the long lines of people waiting in their cars
- lined up and waiting
for gasoline at their nearby gas station, with lines that were many blocks
long. And, after waiting 4-5 hours, many even waiting overnight in many places, to
finally take their turn to fill up their car with gasoline, only to find that
the gas station
had run out of gas."
"Let me Repeat.... That was 1973 when we imported 40% of our daily energy requirements in the form of crude oil from overseas, and from foreign countries - and many of these from countries that don't like us.
Today, over 35 years later, America has yet to learn the lesson. We cannot continue our reliance on energy from foreign countries that supply us with 60% of the crude oil that our refineries use as a feedstock for producing gasoline and diesel fuel for our cars and trucks comes from overseas.
America is "over the barrel" and it's not our barrel, but the barrels of oil that we are addicted by and owned by other countries. Why have we not learned the lessons we needed to learn in 1973 when we were cut-off from the vital energy supplies we need?
Countries like China, are growing rapidly, and have an insatiable need for crude oil. China, with their booming economy, is increasingly growing in its clout and control over international supplies of crude oil - whether they do this through their ability to buy as much oil as they need on a daily basis, or whether they simply but American drilling rigs, technology, and explore and produce oil and gas from their own fields. China, is buying large amounts of oil for their country, and causing upward pricing on declining supplies. What happens if Russia, with all of their oil and natural gas, along with China and Venezuela, with or without the help of OPEC, decided to NOT sell oil to us????
To be sure, greenhouse gas emissions are a problem, and to some, greenhouse gas emissions are also a Clear and Present Danger, but not to the extent that it presents an imminent Clear and Present Danger.
America's reliance for 60% of our energy "needs" coming from foreign suppliers is un-acceptable.
The "driver" to get America to begin reducing and eliminating fossil fuel use should be our nation's national security and the welfare and safety of its citizens. And this can all begin with developing and investing in our own renewable energy resources and renewable energy technologies, let's start by putting solar on every rooftop that has a clear and unobstructed view of the Southern sky. See www.RooftopPV.com or www.DistributedPV.com for more information. Let's create incentives begin with adopting a national "Feed In Tariff" as Germany did in 1990.
We simply do NOT have the luxury of time on our hands. We need to end our
dependence and reliance on foreign fossil fuels, especially from countries that
don't like us! We need to rapidly begin expanding renewable energy
resources and renewable
energy technologies from our vast and abundant renewable energy resources,
such as; solar, solar energy
systems, solar cogeneration,
solar trigeneration,
"solar on every roof," along with; Biomass
Gasification, B100 Biodiesel, Biomethane,
E100
Ethanol (from cellulosic, agricultural waste, sugar cane, etc., and NOT from
corn), Geothermal Power Plants,
Natural Wastewater Treatment,
Synthesis Gas, Waste
To Energy, Waste To Fuel and Wind
Power Generation where it makes economic and environmental sense."
For more information, call/email the
____________________________________________________
Are
you doing your part to prevent Climate Change and End America's
Reliance on Foreign Energy?
Our following
EcoGeneration
technologies,
including our
Biomethane,
B100
Biodiesel and
Synthesis Gas Fuels
Generated from our "Waste to Fuel"
technologies are Carbon Free Energy
and Pollution Free Power
solutions that will:
*
eliminate or greatly reduce our customer's electric demand charges and electric
expenses.
* slow, stop and eventually reverse climate change by reducing and then
eliminating anthropogenic
greenhouse
gas emissions
- of which
carbon
dioxide emissions
makes up 80% of all greenhouse
gas emissions. *
reduce the need for inefficient and expensive central power plants owned by
utility companies. *
end America's dependence on oil from OPEC and other countries in the
Middle-East, Venezuela and end our need for importing natural gas from Russia.
A
Renewable Energy Institute![]()
* forever change the way energy is generated and used.
* reduce and eventually eliminate the use of coal and other fossil fuels.
* promote energy independence.
www.AmericanEnergyPlan.com
Anaerobic Digester
www.AnaerobicDigester.com
Anaerobic Digesters
www.AnaerobicDigesters.com
B100 Biodiesel
www.B100Biodiesel.com
Battery
Energy Storage
www.BatteryEnergyStorage.com
Biomass
Gasification
www.BiomassGasification.com
Biomethane
www.Biomethane.com
Building Automation System
www.BuildingAutomationSystem.com
Buildings
of the Future
www.BuildingsOfTheFuture.com
Bulk
Energy Storage
www.BulkEnergyStorage.com
Carbon
Dioxide Emissions
www.CarbonDioxideEmissions.com
Carbon Emissions
www.CarbonEmissions.com
Carbon Free Energy
www.CarbonFreeEnergy.com
Clean Power Generation
www.CleanPowerGeneration.com
Cogeneration
www.Cogeneration.net
Concentrated
Solar Power - CSP
www.ConcentratedSolarPower.com
Concentrating
Solar Power
www.ConcentratingSolarPower.com
Demand
Response Programs
www.DemandResponsePrograms.com
Demand
Side Management
www.DemandSideManagement.com
Distributed
PV
www.DistributedPV.com
Distributed
Solar Generation
www.DistributedSolarGeneration.com
EcoGeneration
www.EcoGeneration.com
Energy
Conservation Measures
www.EnergyConservationMeasures.com
Energy
Efficiency Measures
www.EnergyEfficiencyMeasures.com
Energy
Efficiency Lighting
www.EnergyEfficientLighting.net
Energy
Master Plan
www.EnergyMasterPlan.com
Energy
Master Planning
www.EnergyMasterPlanning.com
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
www.GreenhouseGasEmissions.com
Net
Zero Energy
- NZE
www.NetZeroEnergy.com
Net
Zero Energy Building
- NZEB
www.NetZeroEnergyBuilding.com
No Foreign Oil
www.NoForeignOil.com
Plug
In Electric Vehicles
www.PlugInElectricVehicles.com
Pollution
Free Power
www.PollutionFreePower.com
Rooftop
PV
www.RooftopPV.com
Solar Energy Systems
www.SolarEnergySystems.net
Solar Power Parks
www.SolarPowerParks.com
Solar Cogeneration
www.SolarCogeneration.com
Solar Trigeneration
www.SolarTrigeneration.com
Sustainable Building Solutions
www.SustainableBuildingSolutions.com
Sustainable Building
Technologies
www.SustainableBuildingTechnologies.com
Synthesis Gas
www.SynthesisGas.com
Trigeneration
www.Trigeneration.com
Waste Heat Recovery
www.WasteHeatRecovery.com
Waste to Energy
www.WasteToEnergy.net
Waste
To Fuel
www.WasteToFuel.com
Wind
Power Generation
www.WindPowerGeneration.com
Zero Emission Energy
www.ZeroEmissionEnergy.com
Zero Emission Power
www.ZeroEmissionPower.com
______________________________________________________
We support the Renewable Energy Institute by donating a portion of our profits to the Renewable Energy Institute in their efforts to reduce fossil fuel use through renewable energy and their goals to end fossil fuel pollution by reducing/eliminating Carbon Emissions, Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
The Renewable Energy Institute is "Changing The Way The World Makes and Uses Energy by Providing Research & Development, Funding and Resources That Creates Sustainable Energy via 'Carbon Free Energy,' 'Clean Power Generation' and 'Pollution Free Power' Through Expanding the use of Renewable Energy Technologies."
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Email: info(@)Renewable Energy Institute (.)org
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Power Generation
www.WindPowerGeneration.com
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